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Despite these exceptions, the normalisation desired by the Germans did not occur. In fact, Le Messager de Bruxelles ( The Brussels Messenger, which produced 15, 000 copies) was the only pre-war paper that continued to appear in the capital during hostilities. Thus starting on 10 September 1914, Arthur Bogaert-Vache, an experienced Brussels journalist, launched Le Quotidien ( The Daily) with 12,000 copies. However, the initial intention of the Germans was to allow the pre-war dailies to reappear, to convey the impression that Belgium remained a liberal state that was favourable to freedom of the press, despite the occupation. Thus most of the dailies put their keys under the door the overwhelming majority of journalists had вЂњbroken their pensвЂќ - as was said at the time. In November 1914, its members voted unanimously to condemn the practice of the profession under censorship conditions. The pre-eminence of APB, in particular its important Brussels section, was unequivocal. Other Belgian publications would be published abroad - in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, London and Paris.ДЇor their part, journalists journeyed to Le Havre and London where in late 1914 they founded an вЂњEnglish sectionвЂќ of the Belgian Press Association (APB). Moniteur Belge ( The Belgian Monitor) and Le Courrier de l'ArmГ©e ( The Army Courier) were also published in Le Havre. In November 1914, Le XXe SiГЁcle, or the 20 th century, exiled to Le Havre, became the unofficial organ of the Catholic ministry.

LвЂ™IndГ©pendance Belge, or The Belgian Independence had withdrawn to Ghent and Ostend before crossing the Channel and finally settling in London. On 20 August 1914, the Germans arrived in Brussels and found the editorial offices of the major presses ( LвЂ™IndГ©pendance Belge and Le XXe SiГЁcle) deserted. The belated recognition of Dutch as an official language (1898), although it was spoken by the majority of the population, would strengthen this French primacy - at least as much as the belated passage by Parliament of obligatory education act (1914) that penalised both the Flemish and Walloon working classes. Until 1914, the majority of the influential dailies appeared in French, the language of notables and power circles, the language of a culture with international influence.

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By this gesture, Belgium became the most liberal state of continental Europe, and a series of regional and national newspapers quickly developed. The founders of the Belgian nation in 1830 inscribed freedom of the press in its Constitution. Starting in the 1930s, different memories of the First World War appeared, depending on whether they came from north or south of the linguistic frontier. By the end of the war, the dominant discourse was ultra-patriotic and stressed the role played by journalists themselves. On the Walloon side, a protest press appeared. Yet only a minority of the press was seduced by the German Flamenpolitik. This discourse had the effect of reawakening a Flemish press at the Front that was especially active in the trenches. The Belgian newspapers in unoccupied Belgium disseminated a very patriotic discourse, particularly the French-speaking ones. Meanwhile an underground press was established, of which La Libre Belgique was the most prestigious example. This censored press underwent major transformations: Belgians were not dupes but wanted information at all costs. Yet a press under censorship did continue to appear when the Germans set up a вЂњ PressezentraleвЂќ' in 1915. Most of the editorial offices of the news dailies ceased all activity or went abroad. The Belgian press world was turned upside down by the German occupation.

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